矽肺是一种由长期吸入二氧化硅颗粒引起的慢性肺部疾病,目前仍是最主要的职业病之一。矽肺的发病机制较为复杂,了解矽肺的发病机制对发掘诊断矽肺的有效生物标志物及研发治疗矽肺的药物至关重要。病程开始时,可吸入肺泡的二氧化硅被肺泡巨噬细胞吞噬,并释放一系列炎性细胞因子,这些因子招募其他免疫细胞到损伤部位。同时,像活性氧的产生和肺泡内的脂多糖等加剧了炎症反应和细胞损伤。随着时间的推移,持续的炎症反应激活成纤维细胞,促进细胞外基质成分的沉积,导致矽肺特征性的纤维化进程。近期研究还揭示了自噬、凋亡和焦亡等细胞死亡机制在矽肺发展中起了重要作用。本文综述了矽肺的热门发病机制,重点讨论了炎症因子的释放,氧化应激、内质网应激、巨噬细胞极化、细胞程序性死亡及热门信号通路等机制,并探讨了新兴的矽肺治疗策略。Silicosis is a chronic lung disease caused by the prolonged inhalation of silica particles, and it remains one of the most prevalent occupational diseases. The pathogenesis of silicosis is complex, and understanding it is crucial for discovering effective biomarkers for diagnosis and developing therapeutic drugs. In the early stages of the disease, inhaled silica particles are engulfed by alveolar macrophages, which release a series of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. These cytokines recruit other immune cells to the site of injury. Meanwhile, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the presence of lipopolysaccharides in the alveoli exacerbate the inflammatory response and cellular damage. Over time, persistent inflammation activates fibroblasts and promotes the deposition of extracellular matrix components, leading to the characteristic fibrosis in silicosis. Recent studies have also highlighted the roles of autophagy, apoptosis, and pyroptosis in the progression of silicosis. This revie
肺癌是目前临床最常见且危害最大的恶性肿瘤之一,静脉血栓栓塞症(venous thromboembolism, VTE)是其常见的并发症,VTE包括深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis, VTE)和肺栓塞(pulmonary embolism, PE),大量研究表明,肺血栓栓塞(Pulmonary thromboembolism, PE)是肺癌患者住院期间除癌症本身以外的第二大死亡原因,病死率增加2~8倍,同时严重影响患者的生存时间及治疗费用,肺腺癌是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)中VTE发生率最高的病理分型。但由于症状和体征缺乏特异性,临床上仅约1/4的患者有典型的“三联征”表现,即同时出现呼吸困难、咯血和胸痛,故症状缺乏特异性,难以识别,临床中易造成误诊和漏诊,对病人的生命安全构成极大的威胁,是肺癌患者预后不良的标志之一,故而对于肺癌病人发生肺栓塞的准确预测至关重要。本综述主要侧重于阐述肺腺癌患者形成PE的危险因素分析及相关治疗进展。Lung cancer is currently one of the most common and harmful malignant tumors in clinical practice, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication. VTE includes deep venous thrombosis (VTE) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Numerous studies have shown that pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) is the second leading cause of death in lung cancer patients during hospitalization, after the cancer itself, with a mortality rate that increases by 2~8 times. At the same time, it seriously affects the patient’s survival time and treatment costs. Adenocarcinoma of the lung is a pathological classification with the highest incidence of VTE in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, due to the lack of specificity in symptoms and signs, only about 1/4 of patients in clinical practice have typical “triad” symptoms, which include difficulty breathing, hemoptysis, and chest pain. Therefore, the symptoms lack specificity and are difficult to identify, which can easily lead to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosi
