Recently, group recommendation becomes substantially significant when it frequently happens that a group of users need to determine which item (e.g. movie, music, restaurant, etc.) to choose. In this paper we employ the information of friend network to propose a Community-Oriented Group Recommendation framework (CoGrec) consisting of non-negative matrix factorization based user profile generation, community detection based group identification, and overlapping community membership based group decision. Along with four inherent aggregation and allocation strategies, our proposed framework is evaluated through extensive experiments on real-world datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed framework is promising and more accurate when the given friend network is much denser, which is suitable for modern review and rating systems.
Option is a promising method to discover the hierarchical structure in reinforcement learning （RL） for learning acceleration. The key to option discovery is about how an agent can find useful subgoals autonomically among the passing trails. By analyzing the agent＇s actions in the trails, useful heuristics can be found. Not only does the agent pass subgoals more frequently, but also its effective actions are restricted in subgoals. As a consequence, the subgoals can be deemed as the most matching action-restricted states in the paths. In the grid-world environment, the concept of the unique-direction value reflecting the action-restricted property was introduced to find the most matching action-restricted states. The unique-direction-value （UDV） approach is chosen to form options offline and online autonomically. Experiments show that the approach can find subgoals correctly. Thus the Q-learning with options found on both offline and online process can accelerate learning significantly.
