基于2007~2012年TRMM卫星上搭载的降水雷达提供的雷达反射率因子、降水率、降水类型等产品,结合ECMWF提供的再分析数据资料,分析了全球热带海洋地区平均降水率、400 h Pa垂直速度、850 h Pa相对湿度和下对流层稳定度的时空分布特征.根据400 h Pa垂直速度的季节差异确定了4个子研究区及相应对比季节,给出了对比季节内浅对流单体、层云、对流云3种降水系统降水量、降水面积、降水强度以及垂直结构上的差异.结果表明:(1)热带海洋地区平均降水率与400 h Pa上升速度在时空分布上存在一个显著的正相关,即400 h Pa上升速度越强的地区平均降水率越大;(2)4个子研究区内层云降水对区域累积降水面积贡献率最大(年均值均超过50%),对流云降水次之(约30%),而对流云降水对区域累积降水量贡献率最大(约65%),层云降水次之(约25%);(3)400 h Pa上升速度较强时,4个子研究区中3类降水系统的累积降水面积、累积降水量都有所增加,但降水强度以及降水系统垂直结构的变化存在差异,其中对流云降水强度一致增大且其垂直结构上的发展更旺盛;(4)对流云降水系统的雨顶高度、雷达反射率重心以及30 d BZ回波顶高随着400 h Pa上升速度的增强以及850 h Pa相对湿度的增加而迅速抬升,同时随着下对流层稳定度的降低有所抬升,但变化率较小.说明影响对流降水系统垂直结构的主要气象条件是400 h Pa上升速度和850 h Pa相对湿度.
The aerosol optical depth （AOD） data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） aboard Satellite Aqua, along with the altitude-resolved aerosol subtypes product from the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization （CALIOP）, as well as surface PM 10 measurements, were utilized to investigate the dust activities common in springtime of northern China. Specifically, a dust storm episode that occurred over the North China Plain （NCP） during 17-21 March 2010 was identified. The PM 10 concentration at Beijing （39.8 °N, 116.47 °E） reached the peak value of 283 μgm -3 on 20 March 2010 from the background value of 15 μg m-3 measured on 17 March 2010, then dropped to 176 μgm-3 on 21 March 2010. Analysis of the CALIOP aerosol subtypes product showed that numerous large dust plumes floated over northern China, downwind of main desert source regions, and were lifted to altitudes as high as 3.5 km during this time period. The MODIS AOD data provided spatial distributions of dust load, broadly consistent with ground-level PM 10 , especially in cloud free areas. However, inconsistency between the MODIS AOD and surface PM 10 measurements under cloudy conditions did exist, further highlighting the unique capability of the CALIOP lidar. CALIOP can penetrate the cloud layer to give unambiguous and altitude-resolved dust measurements, albeit a relatively long revisit period （16 days） and narrower swath （90 m）. A back trajectory simulation using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory （HYSPLIT） model was performed, and it was found that the sand-dust storm originated from the Gobi Desert on 18 March 2010 travelled approxi-mately 1200-1500 km day-1 eastward and passed over the NCP on 19 March 2010, in good agreement with previous findings. In addition, the multi-sensor measurements integrated with the HYSPLIT model output formed a three-dimensional view of the transport pathway for this dust episode, indicating that this episode was largely associated wit
Soil erosion is one of the most serious land degradation problems all over the world, causing irreversible land quality reduction. In this paper, we modify the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation （RUSLE） model by replacing the factors of slope length and gradient with Sediment Transport Index （STI）. The Digital Elevation Model, terrain parameters, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI）, and rainfall data are used as inputs to the model. Along with the application of remote sensing techniques and ground survey measurements, erosion susceptibility maps are produced. The revised models are then used to obtain the optimal estimate of soil erosion susceptibility at Alianello of southern Italy, which is prone to soil erosion. The soil loss estimated from the modified RUSLE model shows a large spatial variance, ranging from 10 to as much as 7000 ton ha^-1 yr^-1. The high erosion susceptible area constitutes about 46.8% of the total erosion area, and when classified by land cover type, 33% is ＂mixed bare with shrubs and grass＂, followed by 5.29% of ＂mixture of shrubs and trees＂, with ＂shrubs＂ having the lowest percentage of 0.06%. In terms of slope types, very steep slope accounts for a total of 40.90% and belongs to high susceptibility, whereas flat slope accounts for only 0.12%, indicating that flat topography has little effect on the erosion hazard. As far as the geomorphologic types are concerned, the type of ＂moderate steep-steep slopes with moderate to severe erosion＂ is most favorable to high soil erosion, which comprises about 9.34%. Finally, we validate the soil erosion map from the adapted RUSLE model against the visual interpretation map, and find a similarity degree of 71.9%, reflecting the efficiency of the adapted RUSLE model in mapping the soil erosion in this study area.
